Analysis Methods for Building Frames:

• Building Frames Analyze by Approximate Methods for Vertical Loads.
• Building Frames Analyse by the Cantilever Method for Horizontal Loads.
• Building Frame Analyses by the Portal Method for Horizontal Loads.

#1. Building Frames Analyze by Approximate Methods for Vertical Loads-

• At first, we have to consider a building frame subjected to vertical loads.
• For easy to calculate the required three assumptions, we consider a simply supported beam.
• The first assumption is that for these cases, zero moments occur at the support of the beam.
• The second assumption of frame analysis is considered a fixed beam and a vertical load are subjected to it.

#2. Building Frames Analyse by the Cantilever Method for Horizontal Loads-

• During its lifetime of a building, a frame may be subjected and earthquake loads.
• In this method, the building frame must be designed to withstand lateral loads.
• A multi-story or two-story frame subjected to lateral loads and the actual deflection of the beam shows the dotted.

#3. Building Frame Analyses by the Portal Method for Horizontal Loads-

• In the portal method of frame analyses, each column an inflection point occurs at the mid-height.
• The interior column carries twice the shear of the exterior column, such as the total horizontal shear at each story is divided between the columns of the story.

Frame Analysis-

Methods of Analysis:

• Flexibility Coefficient Method.
• Approximate Methods.
  • Vertical Load.
  • Horizontal Load.
    • Substitute Frame Method.
    • Portal Method.
    • Cantilever Method.
• Iterative Methods.
  • Moment Distribution Method.
  • Kani’s Method.
• Slope Displacement Method.

#1. Flexibility Coefficient Method-

#2. Approximate Methods-

• Vertical Loads-
• Horizontal Loads-

#2.1. Vertical Loads-

• On the beam and column, the stress and the structure subjected to a vertical load depend upon the relative stiffness.
• The approximate method either assumes adopts simplified moment distributed methods or an adequate number of hinges to render the structure determinate.

#2.2. Horizontal Loads-

• To depends on its height to width ratio, the structure is subjected to a horizontal force. It is dominated by bending action in a high-rise building where the height is several times greater than its lateral dimensions.

• Substitute Frame Method.
• Portal Method.
• Cantilever Method.

#2.2.1. Portal Method-

• Portal frame can be defined as two-dimensional rigid frames that have the basic characteristics of a rigid joint between column and beam. Portal frame construction is a method of building and designing structures
• The method makes simplifying assumption regarding horizontal shear in columns in low-rise structure. In the portal method, the point of inflection occurs at the mid-point of the beams.

#2.2.2. Cantilever Method-

• The cantilever method is very similar to the portal method. We still put hinges at the middles of the beams and columns.
• The only difference is that for the cantilever method, instead of finding the shears in the columns first using an assumption, we will find the axial force in the columns using an assumption.
• For the high-rise building structure, this method is applicable. On the axial force of columns, this method is based on simplifying assumptions.

#2.2.3. Substitute Frame Method-

• Substitute frame method assumes that the moments in the beams of any floor are influenced by loading on that floor alone.
• The influence of loading on the lower or upper floors is ignored altogether. The process involves the division of multi-storied structure into smaller frames.
• The substitute frame method assumes that the moment in the beams of any floor is influenced by loading on that floor alone.
• The multi-storeyed structure into the smaller frame the division process is involved. The subframes are known as substitute frames.

#3. Iterative Methods-

• Indeterminate structure, the iterative method is a powerful method of frame analysis. The iterative method is simple and adequate for the usual structure of frame analysis.
• The distribution of the joint moments this method based on the among members connected to the joint.

• Moment Distribution Method.
• Kani’s Method.

#3.1. Moment Distribution Method-

• The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross.
• In the moment distribution method, the structural system is at first reduced to its kinematically determinate. This is accomplished by assuming all joints to be fully restrained.
• For this condition of the structure, the fixed end moment is calculated. By releasing them successively, the joint is allowed to deflect rotate.
• It was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal. The method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and shear effects.

#3.2. Kani’s Method-

• Kani's method was introduced by Gasper Kani in 1940's. It involves distributing the unknown fixed end moments of structural members to adjacent joints, in order to satisfy the conditions of continuity of slopes and displacements.
• Kani's method is also known as the Rotation contribution method.
• In order to satisfy the condition of continuity of slope and displacement, it involves distributing the unknown fixed end moments of structural members to the adjacent point. Kani’s method distributed the total joint moment at any stage of iteration.

#4. Slope Displacement Method-

• The slope deflection method is a structural analysis method for beams and frames introduced in 1914 by George A. Maney.
• The slope deflection method was widely used for more than a decade until the moment distribution method was developed.
• The slope displacement method is also called stiffness or displacement or equilibrium method. It is expressing the relation between the moments acting at the ends of the members is consist of a series of the simultaneous equation that is written in term of slope deflection.
• We gate the value of unknown rotation of the joints by a solution of slope deflection equation along with the equilibrium equation. The end moment is calculated slope deflection equation by knowing this rotation.

Structural Frame Analysis-

Approximate Method of Structural Analysis-

• Portal Method.
• Cantilever Method.

#1. Portal Method-

• In the portal method, the point of inflection occurs at the mid-point of the beams.
• The method makes simplifying assumption regarding horizontal shear in columns in low-rise structure.

#2. Cantilever Method-

• On the axial force of columns, this method is based on simplifying assumptions.
• For the high-rise building structure, this method is applicable.

Method of Consistent Deformation-

Frame Analysis Example:

• Flexibility Coefficient Method.
• Slope Displacement Method.
• Iterative Method.
• Approximate Method.

Slope Deflection Method Frame:

Force Method Structural Analysis:

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method:

Moment Distribution Method Frame:

Portal Frame Analysis:

Force Method for Beams:

Frame Analysis-

Methods of Analysis-

• Regression analysis.
• Monte Carlo simulation.
• Factor analysis.
• Cohort analysis.
• Cluster analysis.
• Time series analysis.
• Sentiment analysis.

Approximate Method-

Structural Frame Analysis-

Approximate Method of Structural Analysis-

Method of Consistent Deformation-

Force Method Structural Analysis-

Moment Distribution Method Frame-

Portal Frame Analysis-

Force Method for Beams-

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method-

Portal Frame Method

Frames in Structural Analysis

What Are the 5 Basic Methods of Statistical Analysis?

a Building Frame Is Subjected to Horizontal Forces Due To

• Buildings are designed to withstand various types of loads, including horizontal loads such as wind and seismic forces.
• The frame of a building typically includes the columns, beams, and other structural members that support the weight of the building and transfer loads to the foundation.
• Horizontal loads can cause the building frame to deform or sway, which can lead to structural damage or failure if the loads exceed the design limits.
• To ensure the safety and stability of a building, engineers must carefully consider the anticipated horizontal loads and design the building frame to resist those loads through a combination of materials, geometry, and connections.
• The specific design considerations and methods used will depend on a variety of factors, including the location and type of building, local building codes and regulations, and the anticipated loads based on historical data and simulations.

Types of Frames in Structural Analysis

State the Methods Used for the Analysis of a Building Frame for Horizontal and Vertical Loads.

Structural Analysis of Frames Examples

• Determining member forces and reactions: Engineers may use structural analysis techniques such as the method of joints or the method of sections to calculate the forces in the individual members of a frame and the reactions at the supports.
• Designing for wind loads: Wind loads can exert significant horizontal forces on a building frame, which can cause the frame to deform or sway. Engineers may use finite element analysis (FEA) or other computational tools to model the behavior of the frame under wind loads and design the frame to resist these forces.
• Analyzing for seismic loads: Similar to wind loads, seismic loads can also subject a building frame to significant horizontal forces.
• Engineers may use dynamic analysis techniques, such as the response spectrum method or time-history analysis, to model the response of the frame to seismic loads and design the frame to withstand them.

Types of Structural Analysis Methods

Frame Structural Analysis

Factor Method Frame Analysis

Analysis of Frame

Structural Frame Examples

• Life Cycle Assessment.
• Beam-Column.
• Shear Walls.
• Precast Concrete.
• Reinforced Concrete.
• Embodied Energy.
• Structural Component.

Frame Analysis Structural Engineering

• Rotation Factor in Structural Analysis
• What Is Dressing of Stone | Types of Dressing of Stone
• Floating Slab Vs Monolithic Slab | What Is Monolithic Slab | What Is Floating Slab
• RCCFull Form | What Is RCC | Advantages & Disadvantages of Reinforced Cement Concrete | Properties of RCC | What Does RCC Stands for
• What Is a Cavity Wall | How to Build a Cavity Wall | Cavity Wall Detail | Cavity Wall Thickness | Cavity Wall Insulation Pros and Cons | Brick Cavity Wall
• What Is Oblique Drawing | Oblique Drawing Examples | What Is Oblique View | Oblique Projection | Oblique Shape | Cabinet Oblique | What Is Cavalier Drawing
• Which of the Following Is a Way That Slopes Fail | Types of Slope Failure | Geotechnical Failures | Types of Slopes in Geography | Causes of Slope Failure | Slope Stability
• What Is Pier and Beam Foundation | Advantages & Disadvantage of Pier and Beam Foundations | Pier and Beam Foundation Design | How to Build a Post and Pier Foundation