Civil Engineering Basic Knowledge

Abbreviation, Full Forms, and Terminology.

Name Description ASTM American society for testing materials C/C Center to center distance DL Development length Sub-structure Structure which is below the ground level Super-structure Structure which is above ground level Elevation View which we can see when we stand right in front of the structure on any of the sides. Plastering Cement, sand, and water mix applied on brick wall for smooth surface for painting. Plinth level Level on which the actual structure stands on Riser The vertical height of single step Tread Horizontal portion where we put our foot on which going on steps Footing The bottom most part of structure. These are categorized as Isolated footing, combined footing, Raft etc. Columns The vertical members of structure Clear cover Clear distance maintained from concrete face up to face of the reinforcement steel. Effective depth Distance from top of the concrete face upto the CG of reinforcement. Singly reinforced section Section of concrete member with reinforcement at only on tension face. Doubly reinforced section Section of concrete member with reinforcement on both tension and compression side. Stirrups Steel bent in closed shape of either Rectangular of circular shape. Cantilever beam Beam with fixed support on one side and the other end is free. Propped cantilever Beam with fixed support on one side and other end is with pinned support. Pedestal Length of the member is less than 3 times in width One way slab Ratio of length to width is more than 2 its one way slab Two way slab Ratio of length to width is less than or equal to 2 , its two way slab. Slender column Length to width ratio of column is more than 12 , then its slender column Plain cement concrete Cement concrete mix provided on the ground level over which foundations, beams are constructed. Pile foundation The foundation system with Piles i.e cylinder shaped reinforced concrete member. Retaining wall Wall constructed to retain earth Scaffolding Temporary structure, where work needs to be carried out at higher elevations. Read more

Construction Materials

Cement: Cement is essentially attained by crushing the gravels comprising lime in addition to clay. Cement is the binder that aids in the attachment of cement, sand alongside with water. Nearly of the actual significant categories of cement. Aggregate: Two different type of aggregate are as follows. Fine Aggregate Fine aggregate is the material which permits finished 4.75 mm sieve then reserved on 0.075 mm sieve Example: Sand Coarse Aggregate Coarse aggregate is the material which retains on 4.75 mm sieve. Example: Gravel Concrete: Concrete is attained by mingling cement, aggregate in addition water in accordance with a preferred mix. At this point water to cement proportion shows a significant part. Strength of concrete is inversely proportionate to the water-cement ratio. Concrete is characterized by terminology as M-25. Where M is Mix and 25 is the compression strength at the 28 days allowing for concrete cubes of 15 cm cube. Concrete has Two setting types. Initial Setting time is of 30 min. Final Setting time is of 10 hrs. The test for setting time is through by means of Vicats apparatus. Concrete setting time can be increased or decreased dependent on environmental circumstances by means of admixtures. Admixture for increasing the setting time is named retarder then for decreasing the setting time is named accelerator. Read more

Any Structure Typically Consists of Following

Foundation. Columns. Beams. Slabs. Main Walls and partition walls. Staircase. Flooring. Finishes – Plastering and Painting. Boundary Wall. Read more

Basic Loads on Structure

Self-weight of structure i.e slabs, beams, columns, walls, etc., Live Loads due to furniture, equipment, machinery, etc. Wind Loads. Seismic Loads / Earthquake Loads Snow Loads Hurricane Loads at some locations Read more

List of Major Indian Codes

Code for Reinforced concrete IS: 456 Specifications for steel construction IS: 800 Wind Loads on building IS: 875 For Seismic Specifications IS: 1893 For water retaining structures IS: 3370 Read more

Usefull Tips for Civil Engineers

Lapping of bars Diameter of bar is less than 36mm. Circular column Use Minimum 6 longitudinal bars Thickness of slab Minimum is 0.125m PH value of water More than 6 should be used for building purposes. Compressive strength of Bricks 3.5 N /mm2 Dead Load of structure Self-weight of Structure Moisture content Sand that haves more than 5% must not be used for Concrete mix. DPC Thickness should not be less than 2.5cm RMC (Ready Mix concrete) It is made at factory and transported to the site. It is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete It is used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction. Height of floor 3 m or 10 ft Cantilever Beam One end is fixed support and the other end is free. Simply supported beam It has Minimum of two supports PCC It is Used on members when the tensile forces are not acting on it. Weight of first-class clay brick and crushing strength 3.85 Kg and 10.5MN/m2 Impermeability of concrete It is the concrete that resists the entry of water or moisture into it. Curing Period of RCC 28 days Minimum sill level height 44 inches Ties Transverse reinforcement providing in columns Stirrups Transverse reinforcement providing in Beams The thermal expansion co-efficient of concrete and steel 12x10−6/°C Number of Bricks necessary for 1m3 of Brick masonary 550 bricks Specific gravity of Cement 3.16g/cm3 Standard Size of Brick 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm Slope or Pitch of the stair 25 degrees to 40 degrees Rise in stairs 150mm to 200mm Tread in staircase 250mm to 300mm Hook length More than 9 * diameter of bar Unit weight of PCC 24KN/m3 Volume of 50 kg cement bag 1.3cft TMT bars Thermo Mechanically treated bars Length of each bar from factory 12m Read more

Concrete Basic Knowledge

The concrete must not be thrown as of a height of more than 1m. Cube test is passed out for every 30 m3practise of concrete. A head mason must labour 25-30 m3 throughtout a day. In manufacturing, the rate analysis for the work of labours is considered in Man Hours. Theodolite least count is 20 Secs while Compass Least count is 30 mins. Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction. Calculation of extra water in the concrete mix to rise setting time primes to arrangement the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete. Vibration in freshly made concrete is completed to eliminate the air foams in a concrete mix. The concrete can be raised to an extreme height of 50 musing Concrete Pumps. Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are on condition that to grip the shear force and to save longitudinal bars in location. The Major aim for by means of steel as reinforcement is owing to thermal expansion. M20 grade of concrete is normally used in the construction of a slab. Floor area engaged by 50 kg of Cement bag is 0.3 m2 and elevation of 0.18 m. According to IS 456: 2000, Maximum diameter of bar used in the slab would not surpass 1/8th of the entire thickness of the slab. Read more

Test of Building Materials

Soil Test. Core Cutter Test. Compaction Test of Soil. Sand Replacement Test. Tri-axial Test. Consolidation Test. Concrete Test. Slump Test. Compression Test. Split Tensile Test. Soundness. Bitumen Test. Ductility Test Softening Point Test Gravity Test. Penetration Test. Read more

Concrete Slump Value for Various Concrete Constructions

Columns and Retaining walls Beams and Slabs Cement Concrete Pavements Decks of bridge Vibrated Concrete Huge Mass constructions Read more

Grades of Concrete:

Grades of Concrete Read more

Clear Cover to Main Reinforcement:

Footing 50 mm Top Raft Foundation 50 mm Bottom/ Sides Raft Foundation 75 mm Strap Beam 50 mm Grade Slab 20 mm Column 40 mm Shear Wall 25 mm Beams 25 mm Slabs 15 mm Flat Slabs 20 mm Staircase 15 mm Retaining Wall 20 - 25 mm Water Retaining Structures 20 - 30 mm Read more

Unit Weight of Different Materials

Concrete 25 kN/m3 Brick 19 kN/m3 Steel 7850 Kg/m3 Water 1000 Lt/m3 Cement 1440 Kg/m3 Read more

Development Length

Compression 38 diameter Tension 47 and 60 diameter Read more

Unit Conversation

1 Cent 435.60 ft2 1 Meter 3.2808 ft 1 M2 10.76 ft2 1 Feet 0.3048 m 1 KN 100 Kg 1 kN 1000 N 1 Ton 1000Kg 10,000 N = 10 kN 1 kG 9.81 N 1 Gallon 3.78 Litres 1 Hectare 2.471 acre 1 Acre 4046.82 m2 Read more

Super Structure

Effective Depth

Slender Column

Fine Aggregate

Wind Loads on Building

Circular Column

Ph Value of Water

Height of Floor

Impermeability of Concrete

Minimum Sill Level Height

Specific Gravity of Brick

Slope or Pitch of the Stair

Tread in Staircase

Volume of 50 Kg Cement Bag

Bitumen Test

Decks of Bridge

Basic Knowledge of Civil Engineering

Government: Understanding how government works, the different branches of government, the electoral process, and the role of citizens in the political process. Law: Understanding the basic principles of law, including criminal and civil law, the court system, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens. Economics: Understanding how the economy works, including basic principles of supply and demand, the role of markets, and the role of government in regulating the economy. Read more

Basic of Civil Engineering

Basic Information About Civil Engineering

Structural Civil Engineering Basic Knowledge

Civil Construction Basics

Abbreviation of Civil Engineering

Airplane Stairs Name Basics of Civil Engineering Top 10 Cement Companies in USA Top 10 Best Cement Companies In India 2021 Top 10 Bathroom Fittings & Sanitary Brands India What Is Grouting | Types of Grouting | Advantage of Grouting What Does Parapet Mean | Types of Parapet Wall | Uses of Parapet Wall Cinder Block Vs Concrete Block | What Is Cinder Blocks | What Is Concrete Blocks Read more

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Name	Description
ASTM	American society for testing materials
C/C	Center to center distance
DL	Development length
Sub-structure	Structure which is below the ground level
Super-structure	Structure which is above ground level
Elevation	View which we can see when we stand right in front of the structure on any of the sides.
Plastering	Cement, sand, and water mix applied on brick wall for smooth surface for painting.
Plinth level	Level on which the actual structure stands on
Riser	The vertical height of single step
Tread	Horizontal portion where we put our foot on which going on steps
Footing	The bottom most part of structure. These are categorized as Isolated footing, combined footing, Raft etc.
Columns	The vertical members of structure
Clear cover	Clear distance maintained from concrete face up to face of the reinforcement steel.
Effective depth	Distance from top of the concrete face upto the CG of reinforcement.
Singly reinforced section	Section of concrete member with reinforcement at only on tension face.
Doubly reinforced section	Section of concrete member with reinforcement on both tension and compression side.
Stirrups	Steel bent in closed shape of either Rectangular of circular shape.
Cantilever beam	Beam with fixed support on one side and the other end is free.
Propped cantilever	Beam with fixed support on one side and other end is with pinned support.
Pedestal	Length of the member is less than 3 times in width
One way slab	Ratio of length to width is more than 2 its one way slab
Two way slab	Ratio of length to width is less than or equal to 2 , its two way slab.
Slender column	Length to width ratio of column is more than 12 , then its slender column
Plain cement concrete	Cement concrete mix provided on the ground level over which foundations, beams are constructed.
Pile foundation	The foundation system with Piles i.e cylinder shaped reinforced concrete member.
Retaining wall	Wall constructed to retain earth
Scaffolding	Temporary structure, where work needs to be carried out at higher elevations.

Code for Reinforced concrete	IS: 456
Specifications for steel construction	IS: 800
Wind Loads on building	IS: 875
For Seismic Specifications	IS: 1893
For water retaining structures	IS: 3370

Lapping of bars	Diameter of bar is less than 36mm.
Circular column	Use Minimum 6 longitudinal bars
Thickness of slab	Minimum is 0.125m
PH value of water	More than 6 should be used for building purposes.
Compressive strength of Bricks	3.5 N /mm2
Dead Load of structure	Self-weight of Structure
Moisture content	Sand that haves more than 5% must not be used for Concrete mix.
DPC	Thickness should not be less than 2.5cm
RMC (Ready Mix concrete)	It is made at factory and transported to the site. It is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete It is used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
Height of floor	3 m or 10 ft
Cantilever Beam	One end is fixed support and the other end is free.
Simply supported beam	It has Minimum of two supports
PCC	It is Used on members when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
Weight of first-class clay brick and crushing strength	3.85 Kg and 10.5MN/m2
Impermeability of concrete	It is the concrete that resists the entry of water or moisture into it.
Curing Period of RCC	28 days
Minimum sill level height	44 inches
Ties	Transverse reinforcement providing in columns
Stirrups	Transverse reinforcement providing in Beams
The thermal expansion co-efficient of concrete and steel	12x10−6/°C
Number of Bricks necessary for 1m3 of Brick masonary	550 bricks
Specific gravity of Cement	3.16g/cm3
Standard Size of Brick	19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm
Slope or Pitch of the stair	25 degrees to 40 degrees
Rise in stairs	150mm to 200mm
Tread in staircase	250mm to 300mm
Hook length	More than 9 * diameter of bar
Unit weight of PCC	24KN/m3
Volume of 50 kg cement bag	1.3cft
TMT bars	Thermo Mechanically treated bars
Length of each bar from factory	12m


Columns and Retaining walls
Beams and Slabs
Cement Concrete Pavements
Decks of bridge
Vibrated Concrete
Huge Mass constructions

Footing	50 mm
Top Raft Foundation	50 mm
Bottom/ Sides Raft Foundation	75 mm
Strap Beam	50 mm
Grade Slab	20 mm
Column	40 mm
Shear Wall	25 mm
Beams	25 mm
Slabs	15 mm
Flat Slabs	20 mm
Staircase	15 mm
Retaining Wall	20 - 25 mm
Water Retaining Structures	20 - 30 mm

Concrete	25 kN/m3
Brick	19 kN/m3
Steel	7850 Kg/m3
Water	1000 Lt/m3
Cement	1440 Kg/m3

1 Cent	435.60 ft2
1 Meter	3.2808 ft
1 M2	10.76 ft2
1 Feet	0.3048 m
1 KN	100 Kg
1 kN	1000 N
1 Ton 1000Kg	10,000 N = 10 kN
1 kG	9.81 N
1 Gallon	3.78 Litres
1 Hectare	2.471 acre
1 Acre	4046.82 m2

Grades of Concrete

Civil Engineering Basic Knowledge

Abbreviation, Full Forms, and Terminology.

Construction Materials

Any Structure Typically Consists of Following

Basic Loads on Structure

List of Major Indian Codes

Usefull Tips for Civil Engineers

Concrete Basic Knowledge

Test of Building Materials

Concrete Slump Value for Various Concrete Constructions

Grades of Concrete:

Clear Cover to Main Reinforcement:

Unit Weight of Different Materials

Development Length

Unit Conversation

Super Structure

Plinth Level

Effective Depth

One Way Slab

Slender Column

Plain Cement Concrete

Fine Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate

Wind Loads on Building

For Water Retaining Structures

Circular Column

Thickness of Slab

Ph Value of Water

Dead Load of Structure

Height of Floor

Simply Supported Beam

Impermeability of Concrete

Curing Period of RCC

Minimum Sill Level Height

Specific Gravity of Cement

Specific Gravity of Brick

Specific Gravity of Sand

Slope or Pitch of the Stair

Rise in Stairs

Tread in Staircase

Unit Weight of Steel

Volume of 50 Kg Cement Bag

Concrete Basic Knowledge

Bitumen Test

Beams and Slabs

Decks of Bridge