Strength: Hardened concrete has a number of properties, including Mechanical strength, in particular compressive strength. The strength of normal concrete varies between 25 and 40 MPa.
Impermeability: The impermeability of hardened concrete may be defined as the property to resist- entry of water. This property is achieved by using extra quantity of cement in concrete mix. A concrete in hardened state must be impermeable.
Durability: Concrete is extremely resistant to the physico-chemical attack emanating from the environment (frost, rain atmospheric pollution, etc.) It is particularly well-suited for structures exposed to demanding and extreme conditions.
Dimensional Changes: Concrete is not a completely elastic material or. completely plastic material. When the hardened concrete is loaded it undergoes deformation.
Shrinkage: The volume reduction that occurs primarily due to moisture loss after the concrete has hardened is known as drying shrinkage.
Strength: Hardened concrete has a number of properties, including Mechanical strength, in particular compressive strength. The strength of normal concrete varies between 25 and 40 MPa.
Impermeability: The impermeability of hardened concrete may be defined as the property to resist- entry of water. This property is achieved by using an extra quantity of cement in concrete mix. A concrete in hardened state must be impermeable.
Durability: Concrete is extremely resistant to the physico-chemical attack emanating from the environment (frost, rain atmospheric pollution, etc.) It is particularly well-suited for structures exposed to demanding and extreme conditions.
Dimensional Changes: Concrete is not a completely elastic material or. completely plastic material. When the hardened concrete is loaded it undergoes deformation.
Shrinkage: The volume reduction that occurs primarily due to moisture loss after the concrete has hardened is known as drying shrinkage.
Fly Ash: Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion and is commonly used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. It improves the workability, durability, and long-term strength of concrete. Fly ash reduces the heat of hydration, lowers the permeability of concrete, and enhances resistance to sulfate and chloride ion penetration.
Silica Fume: Silica fume is a byproduct of the production of silicon metal and ferrosilicon alloys. It is a fine, amorphous powder that is added to concrete to improve its strength, density, and durability. Silica fume fills the gaps between cement particles, making the concrete denser, more impermeable, and highly resistant to chemical attack.
Slag: Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is a byproduct of the iron and steel industry. It can be used as a partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete. Slag enhances the long-term strength, durability, and resistance to chemical attack of concrete. It also reduces the heat of hydration and improves resistance to chloride ion penetration.
Proper Mix Design: A well-designed concrete mix is crucial for crack resistance. It should have a low water-cement ratio to reduce shrinkage and improve strength. The use of high-quality aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash or silica fume can also enhance the mix's durability and reduce the potential for cracking.
Control Joints: Control joints are intentional grooves or weakened planes that are created in the concrete at predetermined locations. They help control where cracks occur by providing relief points for the concrete to shrink or expand without cracking randomly. Proper spacing and depth of control joints should be determined based on factors like slab thickness, concrete properties, and environmental conditions.
Reinforcement: The inclusion of reinforcement, such as steel rebar or fiber reinforcement, helps distribute loads and resist cracking. Reinforcing bars provide tensile strength to counteract cracking due to shrinkage or thermal expansion. Fiber reinforcement, such as steel fibers or synthetic fibers, enhances the concrete's ability to resist cracking and improve overall toughness.
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