What Is Leveling?

Leveling Methods in Surveying.

• Direct Leveling (Spirit Leveling)
• Barometric Leveling
• Hypsometric Leveling
• Stadia Leveling 
• Indirect Leveling (Trigonometric Leveling) 

1. Direct Leveling (Spirit Leveling)

Types of Direct Leveling

• Simple Leveling
• Differential Leveling
• Reciprocal Leveling
• Precise Leveling
• Fly Leveling

1.1. Simple Leveling

1.2. Differential Leveling

1. Two points are a large distance apart (as below fig -1)
2. The difference in elevation between the two points is large (as below fig -2) and
3. Some obstacle intervenes between the points (as below fig-3)

1.3. Reciprocal Leveling

1.4. Precise Leveling

1.5. Fly Leveling

2. Barometric Leveling

Type of Barometric Leveling

• Barometer 
• Mercurial Barometric

2.1. Barometer 

2.2. Mercurial Barometric

3. Hypsometric Leveling

4. Stadia Leveling

5. Indirect Leveling (Trigonometric Leveling) 

5.1. The base of the Object Accessible—The Object may be Vertical or Inclined

• From triangle CEF,
  • EF = CE tan θ
  • h = D tan θ
  • Reduced Level of F = R.L of B.M. + S +h
  • Reduced Level of F = R.L of B.M. + S + D tan θ 

5.2. The base of the Object Inaccessible—The Instrument Stations and the Elevated Object are in the Same Vertical Plane

5.2.1. Instrument Axes at Same Level

5.2.2. Instrument Axes at Different Level

1. Instrument axis at O2 higher than that at O1
2. Instrument axis in O1 higher than that at O2
3. Instrument axes at very different levels

5.2.2.1. Instrument axis at O2 higher than that at O1 (as per below fig.)

5.2.2.2. Instrument axis in O1 higher than that at O2

5.2.2.3. Instrument axes at very different levels (as per below both fig. )

Methods of Levelling

• Direct Leveling (Spirit Leveling)
• Barometric Leveling
• Hypsometric Leveling
• Stadia Leveling 
• Indirect Leveling (Trigonometric Leveling) 

Fly Levelling

Reciprocal Levelling

Height of Instrument Method

Trigonometric Levelling

Levelling Surveying

Fly Levelling Procedure

Levelling Staff Reading Method

Leveling Survey

What Is Levelling in Surveying?

Surveying and Leveling

What Is Levelling?

Types of Levelling

• Simple leveling.
• Differential leveling.
• Fly leveling.
• Profile leveling.
• Precise leveling.
• Reciprocal leveling.

Simple Levelling

Levelling in Civil Engineering

Methods of Levelling a Building Site

• direct levelling , where you measure differences in elevation directly. This is the most commonly used method;
• indirect levelling , where you calculate differences in elevation from measured slopes and horizontal distances.

Classification of Levelling

Differential Levelling Is Also Known as

Barometric Levelling in Surveying

Indirect Levelling

Barometric Levelling

Simple Leveling

Method of Levelling in Surveying

What Is Fly Levelling?

Levelling Process

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