Static loads such as those imposed by the weight of a structure or an embankment.
Moving loads such as heavy traffic vehicles are transmitted through a road or airfield pavement.
Changes in moisture content, which may arise from natural causes such as seasonal fluctuation in the water table or the abstraction of water by roots of large trees. Nearby excavation, pile driving, pumping or drainage may also have an important effect in Structural Settlement of the foundation.
Undermining due to mining operations, tunneling, or underground erosion.